INDEX
TOPICS
1. INTRODUCTION
2. VARIOUS
PROCESSES INVOLVED IN ANY CONSTRUCTION PROJECT
3. STARTING
OF CONSTRUCTION WORK
4. SUB
STRUCTURE AND ITS COST ANALYSIS
5. SUPER
STRUCTURE AND ITS COST ANALYSIS
6. FINISHING
7. FURNISHING
AND BEAUTIFICATION
8. POSSESION
TO CLIENTS
9. MAINTAINANCE
AFTER GIVING POSSESSION
10. OVERALL
COST OF CONSTUCTION AND PROFIT
11. BIBLIOGRAPHY
1.INTRODUCTION
Q.what is the need to study this topic?
Ans..to make stand a building on ground within time with
earning profit there is a need of my topic i.e.construction management.
Here in this topic i have tried to give an overview of how a
land is converted into buildings and houses.after reading this we will come to
know step by step various construction processes.
2.VARIOUS PROCESSES IN ANY
CONSTRUCTION PROJECT
·
TYPE OF
CONSTRUCTION PROJECT:
Construction project can of residential
buildings,commercial buildings,industrial buildings,public buildings etc...
Residential-bungalows,appartments,row
house,detached,semi detached etc...
Commercial-shops,shopping
complexes,restaurents,hotels etc...
Industrial-manufacturing
industries,processing industries etc...
Public-schools,colleges,temples,museum,airport,bus
stand,railway station etc..
·
COST OF
CONSTRUCTION PROJECT:
Before starting any construction project we
must have the idea of funds available and the planning of project should be as
per done as per funds available for the project.
Cost includes:
Planning cost,land cost,materials
cost,labour costs,machine cost etc...
·
SELECTION
OF SUITABLE SITE FOR PROJECT:
After deciding the type of project and cost
of project next step is to select appropriate site for project.
Various factors which can effect the
location of site are land rates,connectivity,surroundings,taste of
people,geological conditions etc..
·
PRELIMINARY
SURVEY:
Various surveys and tests are oerformed
before starting the project like soil bearing capacity test,seismic test,amount
of cut and fill required etc...
·
PLANNING:
Autocad drawings of various plans of
building such as foundation plan,ground floor plan,first floor plan,key
plan,site plan,footing design etc...and various structural drawings of
beams,columns,slab etc. Are to be produced whenever required...
·
CLEARENCE
OF SITE:
Now after planning with the excavation plan
in hand the site is cleared by uprooting vegetation,removing throbs brushes
etc..and preparing the site for excavation and centerline setting.
3.STARTING OF CONSTRUCTION WORK
After
performing all the above activities now we have to start the actual
implementation of plans on ground i.e.we have to start the construction.
It involves
following mian steps:
for sub structure
1.
setting
of layout or center line of building on ground
2.
excavation
3.
levelling
4.
setting
of benchmarks
5.
anti
termite treatment
6.
pcc
7.
foundation
and column footings
8.
slab
9.
filling
whereever required
for super structure
1.
columns
2.
walls
3.
beams
4.
slab
5.
openings
for doors and windows
6.
staircase
7.
plastering
4.SUB STRUCTURE
1.setting of layout or center line of
building
As per the plans given by consultancy firm
we need to transfer various points in form of pillars on ground making a grid
or centerline of bulilding.
A surveyor first gives us the four points
on four sides one on each side and with the help of drawings we extend these
four points into four lines and forming a grid or centerline of buildings.the
various points are marked with the help of edm and pillars of about one feet
height are drawn under these points showing the points marked points above them
in paint colour.
2.excavation
After setting of centerline the plot is
excavated upto required depth and required area within boundry of
centerline.the excavation is generally done by back hoe,bulldozzers etc..
3.levelling
After excavation the soil surface and side
walls are levelled by equipments like scrapers etc.
4.setting
of benchmarks
To take as a standard and then establishing
other components of building at proper place we must set a permanent benchmark
and then with reference to that point we
locate other components of building at proper distances.
5.Anti
Termite Treatment
Some chemicals out of
dildrin,aldrin,heptachlor,chlordane,chloropyripas etc..are mixed in pcc
for termite control of structure.
6.pcc
Plain cement concrete is a lean mix of
cement,aggregate and water.
Reason for doing pcc are:
1.it provides a level surface for
foundation and building to stand.
2.it prevents water seepage,termite attack from
soil beneath etc..
It is laid in form of a thick layer of
concrete.
laying of pcc at consruction site
6.foundation
and column footing
After pcc foundation and footing work is
started.
Footing can be isolated footing or combined
footing or raft foundation.
In isolated footing for each column there
is laid a footing beneth it but when there are two columns near by then instead
of laying separate footings they both are rested on a combined footing.
Raft foundations are suitable for low value
of soil bearing capacity and heavy concentrated structural loads .a raft/mat is
acombined footing covering the entire area beneath the structure and supports
all walls and columns.it is a rcc slab (doubly reinforced).
Raft is designed as an inverted rcc roof
with uniformly distributed load of soil pressure from bottom and supporting the
walls,beams and columns at the top.
raft foundation cage
Don't leave the excavations open for longer
time because it rains in between that then it will unnecessary increase the
pumping cost and will make the soil also loose weaking its bearing capacity.
7.slab
after footing and foundation we need to
cast slab to raise the level of foundation above ground or upto the ground.
8.filling
whereever required
after raising the level of building above
ground level we need to fill the portion whereever required to bring the entire
level of building in one level.for this the soil which was excavated before can
be used to fill.after filling the soil need to be compacted.
with this the sub structure is complete.
COST ANALYSIS OF SUB STRUCTURE
DESIGN ELEMENT
|
FORMWORK
|
REBARS
|
CONCRETE
|
TOTAL COST
|
FOOTING
|
A
|
B
|
c
|
D
|
FOUNDATION WALL
|
P
|
Q
|
r
|
S
|
ELEVATOR PIT
|
W
|
X
|
y
|
Z
|
TOTAL COST
|
a+p+w
|
b+q+x
|
c+r+y
|
d+s+z
|
5.SUPER STRUCTURE
1.COLUMNS
Now column is raised above ground whose footing was
constructed in sub structure.
The word 'column'is related to building construction.the
vertical support which is free from all sides taking the load of beam slab
etc.and transfers the load to the earth independently is called column.
Column is constuced with the help of steel bars and
cement concrete.in case of multi storey and frame structure building
constructions,the entire load is born by columns and the floor area /internal
space of building is freely adjusted according to requirement.
The size,cement concrete ratio and numbers of steel bars
with their diameter are available in structural drawings which are designed
according to the load born by the column and factor of safety.
Process for
consruction of column
After construction of footing the process of construction
is as following:
·
Tie up all rings around and into vertical steel
bars according to design.
·
Fix formwork of required size with vertical
steel steel bars.
·
Lay cement concrete in form work according to
design.
·
Take proper curing of rcc column
rcc column
2.WALLS
After column either beam or walls are constructed.so as
per sequence of their construction there are two types of structures:
1. Frame
structure
2. Load
bearing structure
1.frame structure:
In frame structure after columns beams then slab are
constructed and this process is repeated for each floor.therefore no loadis
taken up by walls.a frame is formed and it is enclosed afterwords on all four
sides by walls.this type of constuction is speedy and economical as rcc
materials are ordered in bulk.
2.load bearing structure:
In load bearing structures after columns masonary walls are constructed and after that beams and slab.therefore walls tke the load and transfer it to beams i.e.collapse of walls will collapse the structure above that.
Walls can be of clay bricks,fly ash bricks,hollow
concrete block or rcc.
Out of all above rcc wall is stronget and costier.the
load of walls act on beam as a uniformly distributed load.
brick masonary wall
fly ash wall
formwork for rcc wall
In brick masonary walls bonds
between bricks are very important.
Bonds can be english,flemish
etc..
English bond is widely used in
construction.
3.BEAMS
Beams are the structures which
transfers load of slab,direct load from masonary walls and upper floors to
column.
Beams can be primary beam or
secondary beam.
Genellary available size of
formwork for beams of 115,230,250,300,350mm.
Size dependson architectural
requirements ,wall thickness,clear height required and formwork requirement.
Some beams used in steel
structures are of following type:
e.g.ISMB300:INDIAN STANDARD
MEDIUM BEAM
ISJB:JUNIOR
ISLB:LIGHT
ISMB:MEDIUM
ISHB:HEAVY
ISWB:WIDE
4.SLAB
Slab
is the plate element which rest on beams and transfers the dead live load
coming on it beam.it is the platform of the building where we actually work and
live.
·
It is a plate
element.
·
Carries load
primarily due to flexure.
·
Carries largely
vertical loads.
·
Large mi.
According
to system of supports slabs are classified as under:
1.
One way spanning
slabs
2.
Two way spanning
slabs
3.
Flat slabs
supported directly on columns without beams
4.
Grid slabs
5.
Circular and
other shapes
6.
Ribbed and waffle
slabs
5.OPENINGS FOR DOORS AND WINDOWS
DOORS
A door is a solid movable barrier secured in an opening
known as doorway that can opened for access and closed to deny the access for
privacy and security.it also serves as the thermal acouistic(sound) and whether
barrier as a part of the external wall.
-it serves as a connecting link between the various internal
portions of a building and basically consists of two parts as-
1.door frames
2.door shutter
The door shutter is held in position by door frame which in
turn is fixed in the opening of the wall.
#functions of door:
1.to serve as a connecting link and access inside and
outside the building and between various internal parts of the building.
2.to facilitate the opening and closing of the access as per
the requirements of privacy,security and use.
3.it acts as a thermal ,wheather and sound barrier as a part of external wall.
4.additionly the door serves as a means of
light,ventillation and view.
·
The door also provides good aesthetic to the building.
·
WINDOW
Window is defined as an opening in the wall of a building
to serve the purpose of natural
light,natural ventillation and vision.it consists of two parts:
1.window frame which is secured to the wall opening
2.window shutter held in position and fixed to the window
frame.
#functions of window:
1.tomprovide natural light and ventillation inside the
building.
2.to give a view and vision to the outside world.
3.acts as a thermal,wheather and sound barrier.
4.it also acts as a exclusion of wind and rain.
It should be selected and designed for required strength
to resist wind loading,provide safety and security and also provide a visual
contact with the world outside.
6.it helps to provide similar to that of doors.
Ventilators are also provide for exchange of
air,exclusion of body orders etc..
6.STAIRCASE
It is the complete system of
steps,landing,strings,handrails etc..enclosed in the specified area/room of a building.
Stairs provide an easy and quick access to different
floors of a building.
6.FINISHING
After the strucure is formed so before occupying it shold
undergo some finishing processes.
It invoives:
1.plastering
2.wall putty
3.paint
1.PLASTERING
It is the process of finishing the wall and even ceilings
that is all the portion inside the building by a paste of clean sand after
sieving and cement and water making the surface even and smooth.
2.WALL PUTTY
After plastering the various components of building,walls
may have slight surface irregularities and imperfections such as holes,dents
and cracks.apply a coat of good exterior-durable putty to cover the minor
surface problem and to help smoothen the wall surface.for larger dents we
should use a mixture of cement and sand or a good quality crack filling
product.
3.PAINTING
Paint is the general term for liquid that is used to add
colour to the surface of an object by covering it with a pigmented(coloured) coating.painting
means"applying paint".
Paint is made from a colouredpigment which is usually a
powder..the powder is made from different chemicals.
Paint is used to protect all sorts of buildings and
structures from the effects of water and sun.
7.FURNISHING AND
BEAUITFICATION
After complete structure is formed and finished we need
to add some beauty and furniture into the building.
FURNITURE
Furniture is the mass noun for the movable objects
intended to support various human activities such as seating(e.g.,chairs,stools
and sofas) and sleeping (e.g.,beds).
chairs and table
This things works both as furniture and also add beauty to interior of building.other beaty
items are like clocks.pots,photo frames,handicraft works etc..
8.POSSESSION TO
CLIENTS
After complete as per the requirements of clients the
building or appartment is handed over to client with all building services.
9.MAINTAINENCE
AFTER GIVING POSSESSION
The job of the builder is not over just after giving the
possession to client.the builder also need to provide maintainence services
after that.like claning,gardening road lights,garbagge collection,parking
etc..for this he charges maintainence cost per month or yerr from client and
manages the works of maintainence
1.OVERALL COST OF
CONSTRUCTION
After calculating the individual cost of all the above
mentioned things and interest on investments including land the builder fixes a
cost of building including his profit.this completes the construction
management of building.