building comstruction process

INDEX

                       TOPICS                                                                                  

1.      INTRODUCTION

2.      VARIOUS PROCESSES INVOLVED IN ANY CONSTRUCTION PROJECT

3.      STARTING OF CONSTRUCTION WORK

4.      SUB STRUCTURE AND ITS COST ANALYSIS

5.      SUPER STRUCTURE AND ITS COST ANALYSIS

6.      FINISHING

7.      FURNISHING AND BEAUTIFICATION

8.      POSSESION TO CLIENTS

9.      MAINTAINANCE AFTER GIVING POSSESSION

10.  OVERALL COST OF CONSTUCTION AND PROFIT

11.  BIBLIOGRAPHY

1.INTRODUCTION

Q.what is the need to study this topic?

Ans..to make stand a building on ground within time with earning profit there is a need of my topic i.e.construction management.

Here in this topic i have tried to give an overview of how a land is converted into buildings and houses.after reading this we will come to know step by step various construction processes.

2.VARIOUS PROCESSES IN ANY CONSTRUCTION PROJECT

·         TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION PROJECT:

Construction project can of residential buildings,commercial buildings,industrial buildings,public buildings etc...

Residential-bungalows,appartments,row house,detached,semi detached etc...

Commercial-shops,shopping complexes,restaurents,hotels etc...

Industrial-manufacturing industries,processing industries etc...

Public-schools,colleges,temples,museum,airport,bus stand,railway station etc..

·         COST OF CONSTRUCTION PROJECT:

Before starting any construction project we must have the idea of funds available and the planning of project should be as per done as per funds available for the project.

Cost includes:

Planning cost,land cost,materials cost,labour costs,machine cost etc...

·         SELECTION OF SUITABLE SITE FOR PROJECT:

After deciding the type of project and cost of project next step is to select appropriate site for project.

Various factors which can effect the location of site are land rates,connectivity,surroundings,taste of people,geological conditions etc..

·         PRELIMINARY SURVEY:

Various surveys and tests are oerformed before starting the project like soil bearing capacity test,seismic test,amount of cut and fill required etc...

·         PLANNING:

Autocad drawings of various plans of building such as foundation plan,ground floor plan,first floor plan,key plan,site plan,footing design etc...and various structural drawings of beams,columns,slab etc. Are to be produced whenever required...

·         CLEARENCE OF SITE:

Now after planning with the excavation plan in hand the site is cleared by uprooting vegetation,removing throbs brushes etc..and preparing the site for excavation and centerline setting.

3.STARTING OF CONSTRUCTION WORK

After performing all the above activities now we have to start the actual implementation of plans on ground i.e.we have to start the construction.

It involves following mian steps:

for sub structure

1.     setting of layout or center line of building on ground

2.     excavation

3.     levelling

4.     setting of benchmarks

5.     anti termite treatment

6.     pcc

7.     foundation and column footings

8.     slab

9.     filling whereever required

for super structure

1.     columns

2.     walls

3.     beams

4.     slab

5.     openings for doors and windows

6.     staircase

7.     plastering

4.SUB STRUCTURE

1.setting of layout or center line of building

As per the plans given by consultancy firm we need to transfer various points in form of pillars on ground making a grid or centerline of bulilding.

A surveyor first gives us the four points on four sides one on each side and with the help of drawings we extend these four points into four lines and forming a grid or centerline of buildings.the various points are marked with the help of edm and pillars of about one feet height are drawn under these points showing the points marked points above them in paint colour.

2.excavation

After setting of centerline the plot is excavated upto required depth and required area within boundry of centerline.the excavation is generally done by back hoe,bulldozzers etc..

3.levelling

After excavation the soil surface and side walls are levelled by equipments like scrapers etc.

4.setting of benchmarks

To take as a standard and then establishing other components of building at proper place we must set a permanent benchmark and then with reference  to that point we locate other components of building at proper distances.

5.Anti Termite Treatment

Some chemicals out of  dildrin,aldrin,heptachlor,chlordane,chloropyripas etc..are mixed in pcc for termite control of structure.

6.pcc

Plain cement concrete is a lean mix of cement,aggregate and water.

Reason for doing pcc are:

1.it provides a level surface for foundation and building to stand.

2.it prevents water seepage,termite attack from soil beneath etc..

It is laid in form of a thick layer of concrete.

laying of pcc at consruction site

6.foundation and column footing

After pcc foundation and footing work is started.

Footing can be isolated footing or combined footing or raft foundation.

In isolated footing for each column there is laid a footing beneth it but when there are two columns near by then instead of laying separate footings they both are rested on a combined footing.

Raft foundations are suitable for low value of soil bearing capacity and heavy concentrated structural loads .a raft/mat is acombined footing covering the entire area beneath the structure and supports all walls and columns.it is a rcc slab (doubly reinforced).

Raft is designed as an inverted rcc roof with uniformly distributed load of soil pressure from bottom and supporting the walls,beams and columns at the top.

combined footing

raft foundation cage

Don't leave the excavations open for longer time because it rains in between that then it will unnecessary increase the pumping cost and will make the soil also loose weaking its bearing capacity.

7.slab

after footing and foundation we need to cast slab to raise the level of foundation above ground or upto the ground.

8.filling whereever required

after raising the level of building above ground level we need to fill the portion whereever required to bring the entire level of building in one level.for this the soil which was excavated before can be used to fill.after filling the soil need to be compacted.

with this the sub structure is complete.

COST ANALYSIS OF SUB STRUCTURE

DESIGN ELEMENT	FORMWORK	REBARS	CONCRETE	TOTAL COST
FOOTING	A	B	c	D
FOUNDATION WALL	P	Q	r	S
ELEVATOR PIT	W	X	y	Z
TOTAL COST	a+p+w	b+q+x	c+r+y	d+s+z

           

   5.SUPER STRUCTURE

1.COLUMNS

Now column is raised above ground whose footing was constructed in sub structure.

The word 'column'is related to building construction.the vertical support which is free from all sides taking the load of beam slab etc.and transfers the load to the earth independently is called column.

Column is constuced with the help of steel bars and cement concrete.in case of multi storey and frame structure building constructions,the entire load is born by columns and the floor area /internal space of building is freely adjusted according to requirement.

The size,cement concrete ratio and numbers of steel bars with their diameter are available in structural drawings which are designed according to the load born by the column and factor of safety.

Process for consruction of column

After construction of footing the process of construction is as following:

·         Tie up all rings around and into vertical steel bars according to design.

·         Fix formwork of required size with vertical steel steel bars.

·         Lay cement concrete in form work according to design.

·         Take proper curing of rcc column

           rcc column

2.WALLS

After column either beam or walls are constructed.so as per sequence of their construction there are two types of structures:

1.      Frame structure

2.      Load bearing structure

1.frame structure:

In frame structure after columns beams then slab are constructed and this process is repeated for each floor.therefore no loadis taken up by walls.a frame is formed and it is enclosed afterwords on all four sides by walls.this type of constuction is speedy and economical as rcc materials are ordered in bulk.

2.load bearing structure:

In load bearing structures after columns masonary walls are constructed and after that beams and slab.therefore walls tke the load and transfer it to beams i.e.collapse of walls will collapse the structure above that.

Walls can be of clay bricks,fly ash bricks,hollow concrete block or rcc.

Out of all above rcc wall is stronget and costier.the load of walls act on beam as a uniformly distributed load.

 brick masonary wall

fly ash wall

formwork for rcc wall

In brick masonary walls bonds between bricks  are very important.

Bonds can be english,flemish etc..

English bond is widely used in construction.

3.BEAMS

Beams are the structures which transfers load of slab,direct load from masonary walls and upper floors to column.

Beams can be primary beam or secondary beam.

Genellary available size of formwork for beams of 115,230,250,300,350mm.

Size dependson architectural requirements ,wall thickness,clear height required and formwork requirement.

Some beams used in steel structures are of following type:

e.g.ISMB300:INDIAN STANDARD MEDIUM BEAM

ISJB:JUNIOR

ISLB:LIGHT

ISMB:MEDIUM

ISHB:HEAVY

ISWB:WIDE

4.SLAB

Slab is the plate element which rest on beams and transfers the dead live load coming on it beam.it is the platform of the building where we actually work and live.

·         It is a plate element.

·         Carries load primarily due to flexure.

·         Carries largely vertical loads.

·         Large mi.

According to system of supports slabs are classified as under:

1.      One way spanning slabs

2.      Two way spanning slabs

3.      Flat slabs supported directly on columns without beams

4.      Grid slabs

5.      Circular and other shapes

6.      Ribbed and waffle slabs

           5.OPENINGS FOR DOORS AND WINDOWS

           DOORS

A door is a solid movable barrier secured in an opening known as doorway that can opened for access and closed to deny the access for privacy and security.it also serves as the thermal acouistic(sound) and whether barrier as a part of the external wall.

-it serves as a connecting link between the various internal portions of a building and basically consists of two parts as-

1.door frames

2.door shutter

The door shutter is held in position by door frame which in turn is fixed in the opening of the wall.

#functions of door:

1.to serve as a connecting link and access inside and outside the building and between various internal parts of the building.

2.to facilitate the opening and closing of the access as per the requirements of privacy,security and use.

3.it acts as a thermal ,wheather and sound  barrier as a part of external wall.

4.additionly the door serves as a means of light,ventillation and view.

·         The door also provides  good aesthetic to the building.

·        

WINDOW

Window is defined as an opening in the wall of a building to serve the purpose of  natural light,natural ventillation and vision.it consists of two parts:

1.window frame which is secured to the wall opening

2.window shutter held in position and fixed to the window frame.

#functions of window:

1.tomprovide natural light and ventillation inside the building.

2.to give a view and vision to the outside world.

3.acts as a thermal,wheather and sound barrier.

4.it also acts as a exclusion of wind and rain.

It should be selected and designed for required strength to resist wind loading,provide safety and security and also provide a visual contact with the world outside.

6.it helps to provide similar to that of doors.

Ventilators are also provide for exchange of air,exclusion of body orders etc..

6.STAIRCASE

It is the complete system of steps,landing,strings,handrails etc..enclosed in the specified area/room of a building.

Stairs provide an easy and quick access to different floors of a building.

6.FINISHING

After the strucure is formed so before occupying it shold undergo some finishing processes.

It invoives:

1.plastering

2.wall putty

3.paint

1.PLASTERING

It is the process of finishing the wall and even ceilings that is all the portion inside the building by a paste of clean sand after sieving and cement and water making the surface even and smooth.

2.WALL PUTTY

After plastering the various components of building,walls may have slight surface irregularities and imperfections such as holes,dents and cracks.apply a coat of good exterior-durable putty to cover the minor surface problem and to help smoothen the wall surface.for larger dents we should use a mixture of cement and sand or a good quality crack filling product.

3.PAINTING

Paint is the general term for liquid that is used to add colour to the surface of an object by covering it with a pigmented(coloured) coating.painting means"applying  paint".

Paint is made from a colouredpigment which is usually a powder..the powder is made from different chemicals.

Paint is used to protect all sorts of buildings and structures from the effects of water and sun.

7.FURNISHING AND BEAUITFICATION

After complete structure is formed and finished we need to add some beauty and furniture into the building.

FURNITURE

Furniture is the mass noun for the movable objects intended to support various human activities such as seating(e.g.,chairs,stools and sofas) and sleeping (e.g.,beds).

chairs and table

This things works both as furniture and also add  beauty to interior of building.other beaty items are like clocks.pots,photo frames,handicraft works etc..

8.POSSESSION TO CLIENTS

After complete as per the requirements of clients the building or appartment is handed over to client with all building services.

9.MAINTAINENCE AFTER GIVING POSSESSION

The job of the builder is not over just after giving the possession to client.the builder also need to provide maintainence services after that.like claning,gardening road lights,garbagge collection,parking etc..for this he charges maintainence cost per month or yerr from client and manages the works of maintainence

1.OVERALL COST OF CONSTRUCTION

After calculating the individual cost of all the above mentioned things and interest on investments including land the builder fixes a cost of building including his profit.this completes the construction management of building.